Until now, the use of hydrogen has been considered less profitable.

Ikonnikova: The economic viability of hydrogen production depends on where and how the hydrogen will be used and also, if we’re talking about green hydrogen, on the cost of renewable energy. For example, a company planning to produce steel with wind power will calculate the value of hydrogen as an energy store as well as its economic advantages as a low-carbon resource for generating electricity or heat. So far most of these benefits were not seen as large enough to justify a switch. But based on what we are currently experiencing, companies will probably be more willing to invest in more expensive but clean solutions with low geopolitical risks.

Schreurs: Not letting the price alone decide is a lesson that energy policy makers need to learn. We could also purchase hydrogen exclusively from democratic countries if we are willing to accept higher costs. But a lot will be gained if we are no longer dependent to the same extent on one state and have the maneuvering space to drop a supplier if we need to. That will be possible if we do not import more than 15 percent of our energy from a single country.

Consumers will face higher costs, too, which could reduce acceptance for the energy transition. How can policy makers operate between the constraints and pressures?

Schreurs: For many people, the energy transition was about climate change. Now we see that it is also a question of freedom and democracy. Do we really want to hand over our money to autocrats who are prepared to bomb a nuclear power plant? Policy makers will now have to name this price and communicate the greater context more clearly. They must also take steps to prevent poverty due to higher energy costs. This will be more difficult with heating costs than with electricity charges. One possibility would be to implement targeted refurbishment programs in low-income neighborhoods.

Could these steps achieve the short-term objective vis-à-vis Russia? In other words, would an import ban have any impact on Russia, or would other trading partners step in?

Ikonnikova: Around two years ago Russia approved the construction of another gas pipeline to China, the Power of Siberia 2. It will link the Yamal gas field to China. This field now supplies gas to Europe. With many contracts between European states and Russia due to expire in 2030, Russia was planning to establish a broader base for its markets to gain a stronger bargaining position.

If the European market is now lost, Russia can deliver more gas to Asian countries after the pipeline’s scheduled completion in 2025. Looking at current economic trends, there would be enough demand in Asia to purchase the entire Russian gas supply. But the big question is how much gas China and other countries will actually buy. Because, unlike many European countries, China has taken great care to diversify its energy portfolio. It purchases supplies in the USA, Australia and Africa to avoid dependency on a single exporter.

How can the EU respond strategically to these developments?

Schreurs: Despite our common climate objectives in the European Union, cooperation in energy policy has been quite limited. Member states should make it an urgent priority to coordinate efforts to develop EU-wide infrastructure. This includes power networks and LNG terminals – but can start with very practical steps: If I can’t charge my electric car in a neighboring country, the mobility transition will not be a success.

Prof. Svetlana Ikonnikova, PhD, has been a professor of resource economics at the TUM School of Management since 2019. Key research areas are models for the energy transition and the use of hydrogen technologies, gas and oil resources and renewable energy. Prof. Ikonnikova studied at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and completed a doctorate in economics at the Humboldt University of Berlin. Along with her professorship at TUM, she holds the position of the Senior Energy Economist at University of Texas.

Prof. Dr. Miranda Schreurs is a professor of environment and climate policy at the TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology and at the Hochschule für Politik München (HfP). Her research interests include the energy transition in Europe, the USA and Asia. She studied at the University of Washington and earned her Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. She worked at Keio University in Japan, Harvard University and Freie Universität Berlin. Prof. Schreurs has served as an advisor on several committees of the German federal government. She is currently the co-chair of the National Citizens’ Oversight Committee assisting the search for a high-level radioactive waste disposal site.